ARCHIVED GUIDE ON PHRASEOLOGY RESEARCH IN LANGUAGES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES

 

Consult the Pavel in ...

by Silvia Pavel
Montreal-Quebec Division
Terminology and Documentation Directorate
Translation Bureau
OCTOBER 1994

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• LANGUAGES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES AND PHRASEOLOGY
• MORPHO-SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY OF PHR COMBINATIONS IN AN LSP
  • PHR with nominal base
  • PHR with adjectival base
  • PHR with verbal base
• LEXICO-SEMANTIC TYPOLOGY OF PHR COMBINATIONS IN AN LSP
  • Frozen collocation
  • Restricted collocation
  • Free combination
• IDENTIFYING AND MARKING LSP PHRASEOLOGISMS
• SELECTION CRITERIA FOR LSP PHRASEOLOGISMS
• SYSTEMATIZING LSP PHRASEOLOGISMS IN A SPECIALIZED VOCABULARY
  • Phraseological components
  • Grouping of phraseologisms by type of morpho-syntactic combination
  • Alphabetical indexing of collocates
  • Base term synonyms with identical or different collocates
  • Synonymous and quasi-synonymous collocates
  • Co-occurence of several base terms in a phraseologism
• USE OF PHR-TYPE TEXTUAL SUPPORTS ON TERMIUM IV RECORDS
  • TERMIUM data collections and subject fields
  • Main entry terms and their synonyms
  • Definitions, contexts and examples as sources of phraseologisms
  • Observations on specific phraseologisms
  • Cross-references to other records
  • Internal organization of the PHR section
  • The "Terminological Analysis" option
• NOTES
• EXAMPLES OF VOCABULARIES WITH PHR
• EXAMPLES OF TERMIUM RECORDS WITH PHR

INTRODUCTION

Traditionally, the practice of terminology has been limited to the study of specialized concepts and their designations, regardless of how these concepts function in a language for special purposes. However, for several years now, the functional i.e., phraseological aspects of terminology have been gaining acceptance in the field.

Concerned with the risk of losing useful information, terminologists at first included these aspects intuitively and sporadically in their research. They have now come to accept them as a necessary and systematic part of their work.

This guide contributes to the concept of decompartmentalization and therefore provides TDD terminologists with the methodological guidelines required for incorporating phraseological components in terminology research.

These guidelines supplement the methodology currently used for both term and vocabulary research. As time and available resources allow for their application, so will the user of language products become better informed on the use of terms in specialized discourse, on how concepts are developed and defined, and how terminology takes shape and evolves.

At the TDD, this can be done simply by adding, after each observation (OBS), an optional textual support (PHR). This would not require re-arranging the entry structure of our publications or changing the order of the information on TERMIUM records.

A preliminary French version of the guidelines was submitted to terminologists for comments in late 1993. This revised version is the product of the comments received in January 1994. The present English translation was commented on in September 1994 and modified accordingly. However, this is only the beginning. Feedback from Terminologists experimenting with LSP phraseology will help refine the methodology for recording phraseological information and periodic updates of this handbook will reflect such refinements.

LANGUAGES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES AND PHRASEOLOGY

A language for special purposes (LSP) is a subset of a language for general purposes (LGP) that is used for professional communication in a given sphere of activity. It is a subset characterized by a definable, but evolving conceptual system⁽¹⁾ and assorted terminology, as well as by distinctive usage characteristics such as syntax and style stated in specialized vocabularies and linguistic data bases.

According to Collins English Dictionary, 1991, p. 1174, phraseology is "a set of phrases used by a particular group of people". ISO Standard 1087 (1989) defines the language for special purposes, as a "linguistic subsystem, intended for unambiguous communication in a particular subject field using a terminology and other linguistic means" (i.e. LSP phraseology).

LSP phraseology differs from LGP phraseology (e.g. locutions, collocations, idioms, dictums and aphorisms) in the semantic content of its terminology and by the fact that its field of application is limited to professional groups. However, this fact does not preclude the use, in an LGP, of borrowed "specialized" turns of phrase or the use of LGP expressions in an LSP.⁽²⁾

Terminology is an integral part of LSP phraseology and can be identified both by its function of designating specialized concepts and by its position as the base of LSP phraseologisms.

An LSP phraseologism is a preferred combination or lexical solidarity of a term, called the nucleus or base, and of words that co-occur in the same phrase (collocates, binominals).⁽³⁾ "La plupart des auteurs attribuent au phraséologisme un caractère syntaxique et un caractère notionnel particulier qui va au-delà de la notion désignée par le terme (élément de base du phraséologisme spécialisé)." (L.-J. Rousseau, Actes du séminaire international Phraséologie, Rint, Hull, May, 1993, p. 9.)

MORPHO-SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY OF LSP PHRASEOLOGISMS

The combination of a base term and its collocates produces two kinds of phraseologisms:

1. those having the force of a single part of speech such as nominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial "phrases" (Fr. syntagme):
   
   
   • to issue + a cheque; émettre + un chèque
2. those forming a whole sentence or statement (Fr. proposition):
   
   
   • a cheque + bounces; the bank + issues a cheque

The base of a phraseologism can be a single term or a complex terminological unit.

Phraseologisms with nominal base:

• preceded or followed by a nominal unit:
  
  make-up of work force / composition de la main-d’oeuvre
• preceded or followed by an adjective and/or adverb:
  
  highly skilled work force / main-d’oeuvre hautement qualifiée
• preceded or followed by a verb:
  
  to build up, to employ, to train, to unionize the work force
  
  développer, employer, encadrer, syndicaliser la main-d’oeuvre
  
  the work force gets older, grows, shrinks / la main-d’oeuvre croît, décroît, vieillit

Phraseologisms with adjectival base:

• preceded or followed by a nominal unit:
  
  nonlinear dimension, equation, geometry, measure / dimension, équation, géométrie, mesure non linéaire
• preceded or followed by another adjective and/or adverb:
  
  hyperbolic nonlinear geometry
  
  mouvement brownien non linéaire

Phraseologisms with verbal base:

• preceded or followed by a nominal unit:
  
  to interconnect nodes in a network
  
  interconnecter les noeuds d’un réseau
• preceded or followed by another verb and/or adverb:
  
  to interconnect completely, partially, strongly
  
  interconnecter entièrement, fortement, partiellement
  
  to let dry / laisser sécher

LEXICO-SEMANTIC TYPOLOGY OF LSP PHRASEOLOGISMS

1. Frozen collocation: a combination in which none of the components can be replaced, switched or deleted and no new element can be added without changing the meaning. The overall meaning of this type of combinations is often, although not always, different from the sum of the meanings of its components. Compound terms fall into this category and can be defined separately.
   
   
   • (math.) munir une équation / fonction / système d’une loi
     
   • (jur.) promulguer une loi
2. Restricted collocation: a combination in which at least one lexical element can be replaced by a synonym, switched or deleted and at least one new element can be added without changing the overall meaning. The overall meaning can still be inferred from the sum of the meanings of the parts.
   
   
   • (math.) déformer par (sous) translation
3. Free combination: the combination of a base term with any member of a family of synonyms in an LGP that can be predicted by the semantic compatibility of the components and whose overall meaning can be inferred by examining the meanings of the parts simultaneously. This type of combination underscores a property or function of the concept designated by the base term, which may help In writing definitions. For example, when scanning for the term agrégat, the following combinations may be found:
   
   
   • (phys.) l’agrégat adopte une configuration, s’agrège, bouge, (se) déplace, change de taille, colle à un autre, contient des particules, croît, décroît, diffuse vers une frontière, envahit un site, grossit, percole, pousse, remplit un espace, suit une trajectoire
   • absorber, analyser, assembler, casser, coller, construire numériquement, créer, déformer, disjoindre, fabriquer, translater, visualiser un agrégat

IDENTIFYING AND MARKING LSP PHRASEOLOGISMS

When scanning for the terms in a research or publication base list, mark the most frequently occurring collocates that form typical morpho-syntactic or lexico-semantic combinations with the base terms.

A manual search can be tedious but it can be speeded up with the proper tools: an optical scanner, documents on diskette, macros for marking and recording (see Yvan Cloutier’s macros for transferring data on LATTER), concordancing software (TACT, WORDCRUNCHER) or scanning and text analysis software (Termino).

The product of this operation is a microcontext list relating to a base term, from which superfluous elements can be eliminated as follows:

(psych.)  dependence; dependency  (DEF A psychologic and/or physiologic need for substances such as drugs and alcohol)

(psych.)  dépendance  (DEF État de besoin psychique ou physiologique manifesté par une personne à l’égard d’une substance psychoactive par suite d’une consommation continue ou périodique de celle-ci.)

This type of microcontext list is used for preparing single-concept records or the definitions of terminology units, for finding the equivalents of these microcontexts in other languages, and also for listing preferred collocates in LSP discourse.

SELECTION CRITERIA FOR LSP PHRASEOLOGISMS

1. Relevance (referential content and connotation). The phraseologism brings out a distinctive hierarchical or associative relationship with the concept or a preferred turn of phrase used by professionals in the field. For example:
   
   
   • a part-whole relationship of the base term graphe: arc, arête, feuille, noeud, sommet de graphe.
   • a generic-specific relationship of the base term dépendance: alcoolique, au tabac, opiacée, physiologique, physique, psychique (psychologique)
   • associative relationships of the base term dependency: dependency need, potential, risk, scale, syndrom.
2. Degree of specialization. Do the overall meaning and form belong specifically to the field in which the base term is used? Are they common to several related fields? Are they different from the expectations in an LSP? For example:
   
   
   • it may be useful to point out the use of the LSP collocate make-up of under the vocabulary entry or on a TERMIUM record for the base term work force, or the verbal LSP collocates of the base term dépendance (aggraver, atténuer, créer, souffrir, traiter la dépendance).
3. Degree of frozenness. The more lexically set an expression is and/or the more restricted its commutability, the more it warrants inclusion, even if it is found on a separate record or entry section. In such a case, it should be entered in the cross-reference section. For example:
   
   
   • the base term symétrie co-occurs with the verbs briser and rompre, whereas the base term agrégat co-occurs only with the verb casser.
4. Usefulness for the target public. The number and nature of phraseologisms selected and inversely proportional to the LSP competence of the target public. The largest number will be required for students learning a specialty in a second language, whereas specialized translators and technical writers working in their mother tongue will need a much smaller number.
   
   
   • dépendance de l’alcool (not d’alcool) would be useful for a second language learner but less so for an experienced translator.

SYSTEMATIZING LSP PHRASEOLOGISMS IN A SPECIALIZED VOCABULARY

1. Phraseological components
   
   A combinatory vocabulary in an LSP is a terminological vocabulary like any other, except that it contains phraseological components giving the preferred collocates of the entry terms.
   
   Since terminology is at the core of phraseology, compounds and complex terms are naturally included in the PHR component as "part of speech" phraseologisms (see p. 5), especially if it is not deemed appropriate to define them separately.
   
   LSP phraseological components allow terminological vocabularies to play a role similar to that played in LGP by thesauri such as Roget’s and the Larousse, and by phraseological dictionaries such as the BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English, Brewer’s Phrase and Fable Dictionary, Mel’cuk’s Dictionnaire combinatoire du français moderne and Denoeu’s French and English Idioms.
   
   The advantage of a regrouping LSP phraseologisms into PHR components is to save space: whole paragraphs from many sources would not have to be quoted.
   
   The size of phraseological components depends on the limitations imposed on terminology research, the LSP competence level of the target public and the length of the base term: the more complex the base terms, the fewer collocates are found. At the least, a phraseological component can be made up of a single phraseologism.
   
   
   • do not include in a PHR component phraseologisms that are already mentioned in another component of the same entry, e.g. definition, note, context, cross-reference, unless these units are difficult to find. (See brain hormone, p. 15.)
   • give collocates only once, in the grammatical form at the root of the nominalization, adjectivization or verbalization⁽⁴⁾, unless a morphologically derived phraseologism is more relevant, specialized or frequent than the original.
     
     e.g. curve:
     
     PHR (derived) space-filling curve
     
     PHR (original) curve fills the space
     
2. Grouping of phraseologisms by type of morpho-syntactic combination
   
   There are three main categories of base terms: nominal, adjectival and verbal. When there is more than one type of combination, the order given in the morpho-syntactic typology section of this guide may be followed. (It is mandatory only for publications).
   
   Terminologists may however choose a different order for TERMIUM records, starting with the types of combinations having the most phraseologisms, or with those having the fewest. Nominal base terms are the most numerous; verbal base terms, the least. Similarly, there is no specific order for the various types of OBSs on TERMIUM records.
3. Alphabetical indexing of collocates for each type of combination
   
   Given the importance of the choice of article or preposition in certain combinations, strict alphabetical order (excluding elements in parentheses) should be followed. When the definite or indefinite article is irrelevant, it may simply be omitted. For example:
   
   base term dépendance: à l’égard de la famille, au tabac, du comportement....
   
   base term courbe: allure, axe, constante, enveloppe, foyer, point, sommet, trace de (d’une, de la, des) courbe
4. Base term synonyms with identical or different collocates
   
   When all the synonyms of a base term accept all the collocates listed for the term, a swung dash (~) indicates their place in the PHR. For example:
   
   dependence, syn. dependency
   
   PHR alcohol ~, drug ~, effect ~, family ~
   
   When the synonyms of the base term have different collocates, each base term is given with its collocates and separated from the others by a semicolon (;). For example:
   
   dependence, syn.dependency
   
   PHR behavioral dependence; emotional dependency; phsychic ~
   
   agrégat, syn. amas
   
   PHR agrégat amas-amas, par diffusion limitée, particule-amas, particule-particule; amas d’agrégation, de Bernoulli, d’Eden, de percolation; ~ d’ordre 1, ~ d’ordre 2
   
   When several distant collocates are attached to a base term by a single close collocate, they are separated by solidi (/). For example:
   
   PHR dépendance à l’égard d’autrui / de la drogue / de la famille / de l’alcool...
5. Synonymous and quasi-synonymous collocates
   
   There is no need to indicate with symbols that collocates are synonymous or quasi-synonymous in either an LSP or a LGP. They are listed in alphabetical order.
   
   When synonyms are not obvious in an LSP, they are indicated in parentheses immediately following the collocate to which they relate. For example:
   
   base term dépendance: ~ alcoolique, ~ avérée, ~ chimique, ~ émotive (émotionnelle)...., ~ physique (physicodépendance), ~ psychique (psychologique, psychodépendance)....
   
   Quasi-synonymous collocates are listed separately in alphabetical order. For example:
   
   base term courbe: dessiner, décrire, tracer une courbe
6. Co-occurence of several base terms in a phraseologism
   
   When a base term makes up a phraseologism with another term defined elsewhere in the same vocabulary, the same rule for cross-references applies, that is, the phraseologism in question appears in both places.

USE OF PHR-TYPE TEXTUAL SUPPORTS ON TERMIUM IV RECORDS

1. TERMIUM data collections and subject fields
   
   The TRA (Translation Problems data collection) is made up of records in the RYA (Phraseology field), which contain LGP collocations. For example:
   
   hardship
   
      EX It was not a real hardship for her to arrive on time
   
      PHR the hardships of war
   
      PHR to bear, to overcome, to undergo a hardship
   
   épreuve
   
      EX Ce n’est pas une épreuve d’aller voir sa mère
   
      PHR les épreuves (rigueurs) de la guerre
   
      PHR vie pleine d’épreuves
   
      PHR connaître de dures épreuves
   
   The TER (Terminology data collection) contains records classified by subject field, including an additional code RYE (Language for Special Purposes Collocations). Thus, the fact that the term in question has a PHR component is indicated as soon as the breakdown appears on the screen.
   
   The TERMIUM user accesses the PHRs by querying term by term as usual.
   
   All terms and terminological units for which a terminologist has found at least one equivalent are supposed to be entered on a TER record. Related terms can be either cross-referenced (labelled RENV) or listed in a PHR component to illustrate the combinability of the base term. The PHR component may well contain terms derived from the same base term but not yet the subject of separate records.
2. Main entry terms and their synonyms
   
   Listing the collocates of these base terms does not jeopardize the single-concept nature of the record, since the base terms keep the same meaning in all the combinations given. For example, on the record defining the term pierre in curling, listing the following terminological phrases as PHRs:
   
   PHR pierre dans / hors de la maison
   
   PHR la pierre effleure (une autre)
   
   PHR (le curleur) lance, place une pierre
   
   is useful, even though these phrases are given in a similar form on separate records. In this case, they could also be cross-referenced (RENV), like "frapper-rouler", thereby shortening the PHR section. (See the section on synonymous base terms under Systematizing LSP Phraseologisms.)
3. Definitions, contexts and examples as sources of PHR
   
   These kinds of textual support may contain obvious phraseologisms that need not be reproduced in the PHR section. But when these phraseologisms are in the rough or hidden, the originator or updater of the record may consider it worthwhile to extract and systematize them in PHRs, especially when information of this nature could be lost during a record update by replacing DEF or CONT. For example:
   
   TEN brain hormone
   
   CONT The corpora cardiaca serve for the release and sometimes for the storage of the brain hormone, and the position of these organs adjacent to the aorta may facilitate dispersal of the hormone.
   
   CONT The hormones involved in metamorphosis have been studied in some detail in the Cecropia moth. This insect... has 3 hormones controlling metamorphosis: a brain hormone, a prothoracic gland hormone, and a corpus allatum hormone. The brain hormone produced after low temperature of hibernation (as a pupa in the Cecropia), stimulates the production of the prothoracic gland hormone, which promotes metamorphosis... Injection of the brain hormone into an adult causes molting to occur.
   
   PHR ~ accumulates, ~ controls metamorphosis, ~ stimulates production of another hormone
   
   PHR to disperse ~, to inject ~ into, to release ~, to store ~
   
   TFR hormone du cerveau
   
   EX La glande péritrachéenne joue le même rôle que la glande prothoracique des autres insectes et produit l’hormone de mue : elle est sous la dépendance des cellules neurosécrétrices du protocérébron, mais chez les Diptères "mouches, moustiques" l’hormone du cerveau chemine par voie nerveuse jusqu’à l’anneau de Weismann et n’agit que si la continuité anatomique entre les deux organes est respectée.
   
   PHR ~ agit (sur le développement), ~ chemine (par voie nerveuse), ~ (se) disperse, ~ exerce une action sur
   
   PHR accumuler ~, injecter ~, produire ~, sécréter ~, transporter ~
4. Observations on specific phraseologisms
   
   This section is usually reserved for remarks on the origin, development and relationships of a concept or for usage notes on the terms that designate the concept. It is used, for example, to point out certain preferred turns of phrase containing these terms (register, style, situation).
5. Cross-references to other records
   
   If the cross-reference section (RENV) contains a terminological phrase, there is no need to reproduce the phrase in a PHR component on the same record. See Part 1. Phraseological components under Systematizing LSP Phraseologisms as well as the cross-reference section of the Guide de rédaction TERMIUM IV.
6. Internal organization of the PHR section
   
   The PHR textual support is optional. A PHR in one language does not mean that the originator of the record must provide an equivalent PHR in other languages. What may constitute a terminological unit or a phraseologism in one language, may be rendered by a free combination or a whole sentence in another. This type of textual support is also flexible and open-ended. This means that information can be added or removed at any time.
   
   Like cross-references (RENV), PHRs are not quotations; rather, they are compiled on the basis of relevance and frequency and presented in a neutral (i.e., lemmatized) form, which is often different from the contextual variations actually found during scanning. They must therefore be identified by the code of the originator who collected and structured them.
   
   Each type of morpho-syntactic combination is preceded by the PHR symbol and followed by the originator code letter.
   
   In each PHR series, the base term is written out, unless there are several base entry terms or many collocations in each series. In that case, for ease of presentation, the base entry terms are replaced with a swung dash (~). For example:
   
   TFR graphe* b,c,d
   
   PHR arc, arête, feuille, noeud, sommet de graphe.*a
   
   PHR graphe binaire, étoilé, non orienté, octal, orienté, touffu.*a
   
   PHR graphe entièrement, faiblement, fortement, partiellement connecté.*a
   
   PHR descendre, monter, reculer, remonter dans un graphe.*a
   
   TFR évitement*b,c,d
   
   DEF Action qui consiste, pour une personne, à s’éloigner d’une source de stimulation considérée comme négative par celle-ci.
   
   PHR ~ dans l’agoraphobie, ~ de la situation, ~ de l’école, ~ de l’enfance, ~ de l’adolescence.*a
   
   PHR apprentissage par ~ , attitude d’~ , comportement d’~, conditionnement d’~, conduite d’~, réaction d’~, réponse d’~, soulagement consécutif à l’~, trouble d’~.*a
   
   PHR ~ conditionné, ~ marqué, ~ phobique.*a
   PHR ~ s’accentue, ~ s’atténue, ~ procure un soulagement.*a
   
   PHR modérer ~ , réduire ~.*a
7. The "Terminological Analysis" option
   
   Considering the lack of time for exhaustive, in-depth phraseological research, the number of TERMIUM records with PHR sections is not likely to increase quickly. This type of textual support will be used occasionally and judiciously.
   
   Moreover, some subject fields such as phychology or medicine have a richer phraseology than others such as chemistry.
   
   The size of the PHR components will also remain small until proper computerized tools for finding LSP collocations are available. Should they become available, the "Terminological Analysis" option (Fr. Dossier de synthèse) could serve to register the numerous phraseologisms. (See the record "radioactive waste" and at the end of this Guide.)

NOTES

1. A Language for Special Purposes develops in relation to two extralinguistic variables:⁽¹⁾ the discoveries and conceptualizations in a field of activity on the one hand, and on the other, the socio-cultural conventions and preferences of the professional community using the language.
2. Specialized concept: the mental representation of an entity (concrete or abstract object), property (attribute) or process (action), identifiable by a set of distinctive semantic features and by its position in relation to the other concepts in the same concept system.
   • Entity concepts, designated by nominal units (common nouns, proper nouns, noun phrases), have hierarchical relationships (identity, inclusion, generic-specific, whole-part, matter-ingredient) and associative or nonhierarchical relationships (similarity; disjunction; direct, indirect, qualitative, or directional opposition; temporal, causal or spatial sequence; container-contents, material-product, instrument-action, action-result). Examples of entities in the legal field are judge, clerk, witness, counsel, accused, sentence, judgment, law, court, tribunal.
   • Property concepts, designated by adjectival or nominal units, are associated by similarity, disjunction (contrast, degree of intensity) and opposition. Examples of properties in mathematics are continuous, connected, convergent, discontinuous, divergent, fractal, fractional, integer, iterative, linear, nonlinear.
   • Process concepts, designated by verbal or nominal units, are characterized by relations of inclusion, exclusion, succession or simultaneity, similarity or opposition, and manner (speed, direction, goal, intention, intensity). Examples of processes in systems dynamics are to attract, bifurcate, cascade, contract, converge, cycle, dilate, orbit, randomize, repel, self-organize, spiral, whirl.
3. Term, terminological phrase: the designation of a specialized concept by a lexical unit: a simple, compound or derived word, a noun phrase (NP), an adjective phrase (AP), a verb phrase (VP), an abbreviation, a formula, a symbol.
   
   Phraseological component, phraseologism: a word combination such as entity + property, entity + process, process + entity, process + property. Any of its collocates can be either a term or an LGP word.
   
   Collocation: a frozen, restricted or simply preferred combination of words, as opposed to a free combination that allows substitution of its elements. (See also The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English, 1986, p. ix.)
   
   All of the combinations specific to a base term constitute the term’s combinatorial set. There is a syntagmatic combinatory (a horizontal sequence of collocates in a phrase: l’arête + change + d’état + de visibilité) and a paradigmatic combinatory (a list of the collocates in the same grammatical category that can appear in a given position, one at a time: l’arête + change d’état / compose des facettes / relie des sommets)
4. As in LGP, some LSP phraseologisms engender LSP neologisms which in turn become base terms of new phraseologisms. The transformations that take place during this process are called nominalization, adjectivization, verbalization and adverbialization.
   
   
   1. Nominalization
      • the formation of a nominal terminological unit from a PHR unit (e.g. assurer contre tous les risques – assurance tous-risques, une forme fractale croît – croissance fractale, traiter des données – traitement des données; a fractal produced by vibration – fracton, to compress image data by fractal means – fractal image compression; tutoring aided by an intelligent computer system – an intelligent tutoring system / ITS);
      • the creation of new PHR units around these neologisms (e.g. contrôler, diriger, rythmer la croissance fractale; effectuer un traitement de données; to apply the Dudbridge method for fractal image compression; to author an ITS).
   2. Adjectivization
      • the creation of an LSP neological adjective from a PHR unit (e.g. l’agrégat percole agrégat percolant; courbe qui présente une similarité interne – courbe autosimilaire; the dynamic system organizes itself -self-organizing system);
      • the creation of new PHR units from these neologisms (approximativement, exactement, strictement autosimilaire; massively parallel processing – traitement massivement parallèle – traitement ultraparallèle).
   3. Verbalization
      • the formation of LSP verbs from a PHR unit (e.g. to send by electronic mail – to E-mail, to transmit a facsimile – to fax; rendre en deux dimensions – bidimensionnaliser);
      • the formation of new PHR units from these verbs (e.g. to fax) a message; bidimensionnaliser une image / la turbulence; cascader dans une structure / vers les petites échelles dissipatives).

EXAMPLE OF A VOCABULARY WITH PHRs

See the Combinatory Vocabulary of Fractal Imagery.

EXAMPLES OF TERMIUM RECORDS WITH PHR

Hélène JACOB, Section de terminologie de Montréal, mars 1994.