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1.2.4 Term versus Word
Question 1
The correct answer is Term.
"Glabrous" is a term that designates a specialized concept in the subject field of botany. Beware, though: just because a word looks technical and you aren’t familiar with it, it’s not necessarily a term belonging to a specialized language.
Question 2
The correct answer is Word.
"Sometimes" is part of the general language, and it is a word rather than a term because it does not designate a specialized concept in a particular subject field.
Question 3
The correct answer is Term.
"Rhizome" designates a specialized concept in the field of botany, so it is a term, not a word in general language.
Question 4
The correct answer is Word.
"Used" is part of the general language, and it is a word rather than a term because it does not designate a specialized concept in a particular subject field.
Question 5
The correct answer is Term.
"Carminative" is indeed a term from the specialized subject field of medicine.
Question 6
The correct answer is Word.
"Substitute" is part of the general language, and it is a word rather than a term because, in this example, it does not designate a specialized concept in a particular subject field.
1.2.5 Simple Terms and Complex Terms
Question 1
The correct answer is Complex term.
"Graphics tunnel" is a complex term because it is composed of more than just one word.
Question 2
The correct answer is Complex term.
"AGP 3.0-compliant" is a complex term, since it contains more than one word. Although it includes an acronym, the complete term is not itself an acronym.
Question 3
The correct answer is Simple term.
"Bandwidth" is a simple term because it contains only one word.
1.3.3 Term Extraction
"isotope production" is a candidate term.
"subatomic particles" is a candidate term.
"ionizing radiation" is a candidate term.
"particle accelerator" is a candidate term.
"magnetic fields" is a candidate term.
"uses" is not a candidate term.
"in turn is" is not a candidate term.
"cancer therapy" is a candidate term.
"In turn is" and "uses" are general vocabulary, while all of the other answers have the characteristics of terms. Further research may show that not all of them belong to your subject field (for example, "cancer therapy" and "isotope production", which appear to belong to fields of application); if that is the case, you may end up deciding to exclude those terms from your terminology product, but for the moment, they appear to be terms of interest.
2.3.3 Content Analysis of Written Information
Source A
The correct order is "1".
Source B
The correct order is "4".
Source C
The correct order is "3".
Source D
The correct order is "2".
Recent English-language, specialized periodicals are a source of reliable, recent terminology. Internet sites on e-commerce and recent issues of the popularized periodicals mentioned are almost equal in value in this case. Internet sites are certainly a source of recent terminology, but have the disadvantages of not always being reliable, linguistically speaking, and of not reflecting "settled" terminology. On the other hand, popularized periodicals may not contain the terminology that is used by subject-field specialists. Encyclopedias do not deal with the most recent developments in specialized subject fields, and so do not contain many neologisms. And of course, an encyclopedia of gardening is outside of our subject field.
2.3.5 Selection and Evaluation of Documentation
The correct answer is A mechanism for registering sources.
The most important thing is to be able to register the sources used in your database. The use of source codes to identify documents can be advantageous, but is by no means required. We are only talking about referring to the sources of information on our terminology records in this lesson, not about storing and processing the actual documents on our computer.
2.4.5 Non-Hierarchical Relationships (Associative Networks)
Question 1
The correct answer is False.
In a generic-specific relationship, one of the concepts is broader than the other. The tool-function relationship is associative in nature, as no hierarchy among the concepts exists. Therefore, the tool-function relationship is not a generic-specific one.
Question 2
The correct answer is associative.
The relationship is associative. This relationship is temporal in nature; no hierarchy exists between the concepts. A temporal relationship is a kind of associative relationship. It can also be considered part-whole, whole-part, or meronymic.
2.5.2 Recognition of Terminological Units
"architectural ornamentation" is a terminological unit.
"ribbons" is not a terminological unit.
"Renaissance furniture" is a terminological unit.
"continuous band" is not a terminological unit.
"decorative motif" is a terminological unit.
"British Regency style" is a terminological unit.
"furniture maker" is a terminological unit.
"guilloche" is a terminological unit.
"bosses" is a terminological unit.
Continuous band is simply a descriptive combination of words; the expression does not appear to be associated with a specialized concept. Ribbons appears to be descriptive, and not associated with a particular specialized concept.
2.5.5 Term Relationships
Question 1
The correct answer is Pseudo-synonym.
The concept "armchair" includes a characteristic that delimits it from the concept of "chair": the presence of arms. "Armchair" is therefore a pseudo-synonym of "chair". It is, in fact, a kind of chair, so this concept is subordinate to the concept of "chair".
Question 2
The correct answer is Pseudo-synonym.
The concept of "wheelchair" includes a characteristic that removes it from the concept system for "chair": while a chair has legs, the wheelchair has wheels. In addition, the concept of "wheelchair" inclues a characteristic that distinguishes it from the concept of "chair": the presence of arms. "Wheelchair" is therefore a pseudo-synonym of chair.
Question 3
The correct answer is Pseudo-synonym.
The concept of "stool" includes a characteristic that removes it from the concept system for "chair": the absence of a back. "Stool" is therefore a pseudo-synonym of "chair".
3.2.2 Subject-Field Classification
The correct answer is b).
The broadest subject field among those present is Medicine, so it should appear at the top of the diagram. Since surgery can be performed on many of the body’s systems, this subfield should be directly under Medicine. Since neurosurgery is a kind of surgery, it should appear as a subfield of Surgery. The word "orthopedics" does begin with the prefix "ortho," but that doesn’t mean it should be a subfield of Orthodontics!
3.2.3 Identifying and Evaluating Specialized Documentation in Your Field
Question 1
The correct answer is Preferred source.
An original-language, recent document written by a recognized specialist in the subject field is definitely a preferred source.
Question 2
The correct answer is Source of some value.
The source is only of some value because of the drawback of its age. Otherwise, it’s an original-language document written by a subject-matter expert, which is all good, and the glossary is a bonus.
Question 3
The correct answer is Source of last resort.
While this may make for interesting reading, this source is not credible from a terminological standpoint because of the lack of credentials of the author.
Question 4
The correct answer is Source of some value.
This is a source of some value, but it has some drawbacks: it’s not an original-language text, and it is from a popularized periodical, rather than from a specialized one.
Question 5
The correct answer is Source of some value.
While this source seems to have merit, there are some concerns about material found on Web sites. It is difficult to evaluate the credibility and reliability of some of the material here because we don’t really know who wrote it; the material may quickly change without our being aware of it; our reference to the source may quickly become outdated if the page is moved within the site or removed from it.
Question 6
The correct answer is Source of last resort.
This is a source of last resort, not just because of its nature (sometimes brochures are an excellent, recent and credible source), but because of the dubious reputation of the author (lack of recognition, lack of specialization).
3.5.5 Writing Definitions
Answers to Exercise 1
Definition 1
The correct answer is Inadequate.
The definition is too general. It could include widowers, baby boys or male animals.
Definition 2
The correct answer is Inadequate.
The definition includes non-essential information and is vague about qualities.
Definition 3
The correct answer is Good.
Definition 4
The correct answer is Inadequate.
This is a tautological or circular definition. No real information is given. If the reader doesn’t know what verbose means, he or she is lost.
Definition 5
The correct answer is Good.
Definition 6
The correct answer is Inadequate.
While there is some information, there is nothing about the other characteristics of the animal such as size, longevity, appearance, diet or other information not already obvious in the term itself.
Definition 7
The correct answer is Inadequate.
Even though it is difficult to define health, a terminological definition should not define something by what it is not.
Definition 8
The correct answer is Good.
Definition 9
The correct answer is Inadequate.
A vague and ambiguous definition written in an ambiguous, run-on style, it does not indicate what it is (a kitchen appliance powered by electricity), what it’s made of (metal and plastic) or what it does (heats mainly food but also other items by bombarding them with microwaves). It also includes non-essential and imprecise characteristics.
Definition 10
The correct answer is Good.
Answers to Exercise 2
"user's television" should be included in the definition of the term set-top box.
"fall into several categories" should not be included in the definition of the term set-top box.
"to receive and decode digital television broadcasts" should be included in the definition of the term set-top box.
"interface with Internet" should be included in the definition of the term set-top box.
"receive and unscramble incoming television signals" should be included in the definition of the term set-top box.
"function as multimedia desktop" should not be included in the definition of the term set-top box.
3.6.3 Types of Usage Labels
Question 1
"electric torch" is a term used in Great Britain.
"bonnet (of a car)" is a term used in Great Britain.
"motorway" is a term used in Great Britain.
"goods and services tax" is not a term used in Great Britain.
"trunk (of a car)" is not a term used in Great Britain.
"flashlight" is not a term used in Great Britain.
"glasshouse" is a term used in Great Britain.
Question 2
"glasshouse" is not a term used in North America.
"bonnet (of a car)" is not a term used in North America.
"trunk (of a car)" is a term used in North America.
"electric torch" is not a term used in North America.
"flashlight" is a term used in North America.
"motorway" is not a term used in North America.
Question 3
"goods and services tax" is a term used in Canada.
"motorway" is not a term used in Canada.
"glasshouse" is not a term used in Canada.
"flashlight" is a term used in Canada.
"electric torch" is not a term used in Canada.
"trunk (of a car)" is a term used in Canada.
"bonnet (of a car)" is not a term used in Canada.
4.9.2 Localization and Internationalization
Gregorian calendar
The correct answer is May 10, 2003.
Islamic Calendar
The correct answer is 8 Rabi 1 1424 A.H..
Hebrew calendar
The correct answer is 8 Iyyar 5763.
5.2.12. Answers to the Exercises
Exercise 1
The correct answer is False.
Standards are not regulations but agreements reached by consensus.
Exercise 2
The correct answer is Technical and terminological standards.
Terminological standards are considered fundamental standards, so that answer doesn’t name two types of standards. Another term for "technical standard" is "specification standard," so that answer doesn’t name two types of standards, either. While measurement standards and specification standards are two different types of standards, measurement standards are not important in the field of terminology. The questions are getting harder, aren’t they?
Exercise 3
- The correct answer is de facto standards.
- The correct answer is technical standards.
- The correct answer is de jure standards.
Standards established as an agreement by the major market players rather than by wide consensus are de facto standards. Standards produced by an official body, following an organized standardization process and based on formal rules, are de jure standards. Standards that lay down the characteristics or specifications commonly agreed upon of a product or service are technical standards (or specification standards).
Exercise 4
- The correct answer is officialization.
- The correct answer is standardization.
- The correct answer is harmonization.
Exercise 5
The correct answer is True.
Exercise 6
The correct answer is domain loss.
For more information, see the section concerning language management and language planning.
Exercise 7
"LISA" is not a major international standardization organization.
"SCC" is not a major international standardization organization.
"ETSI" is not a major international standardization organization.
"ISO" is a major international standardization organization.
"IEC" is a major international standardization organization.
"ITU" is a major international standardization organization.
The ITU (International Telecommunications Union; UTI in French), the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission; CEI in French) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) are the three major international standardization organizations. The SCC (Standards Council of Canada) is Canada’s national standardizing body. The ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) is a regional standardizing body and is the European counterpart of the ITU. LISA (Localization Industry Standards Association) is a professional association rather than a standardization organization.
5.3.7 Answers to Exercises
Exercise 1
"Subject-field description" is not associated with a specifications document.
"Project objectives" is associated with a specifications document.
"Organizational framework" is associated with a specifications document.
"Legal framework" is associated with a specifications document.
"Language policies" is associated with a specifications document.
"Time Frame" is not associated with a specifications document.
"Budget forecast" is not associated with a specifications document.
The project objectives, the organizational framework, the legal framework and language policies are dealt with in a project specifications document.
Exercise 2
"Subject-field description" is associated with a work plan.
"Project objectives" is not associated with a work plan.
"Organizational framework" is not associated with a work plan.
"Legal framework" is not associated with a work plan.
"Language policies" is not associated with a work plan.
"Time Frame" is associated with a work plan.
"Budget forecast" is associated with a work plan.
The subject-field description, budget forecast and timeframe are included in the project work plan.
Exercise 3
The correct answer is order 4.
The correct answer is order 2.
The correct answer is order 5.
The correct answer is order 1.
The correct answer is order 3.
When you’re ready to begin managing a terminology project, you might want to review this lesson.
Exercise 4
The correct answer is Final terminology.
The correct answer is Specifications document.
The correct answer is Draft terminology.
The correct answer is Work plan.
The correct answer is Final report.
5.4.2 Committee Duties
Question
"environmental label" is an item selected for inclusion in the vocabulary.
"accurate information" is not an item selected for inclusion in the vocabulary.
"environmental aspect" is an item selected for inclusion in the vocabulary.
"continuous environmental improvement" is an item selected for inclusion in the vocabulary.
"Accurate information" is simply a noun modified by an adjective; there is no concept associated with this combination of words, so it is not a term.
5.4.3 Why Develop a Terminology Standard?
Statement 1
The correct answer is Useful.
Linguistic consistency is one of the goals of standardization, so this statement would be useful in justifying your standard.
Statement 2
The correct answer is Not useful.
Consensus is required in order to standardize the terms that will be included in the standard. Since it precedes publication of the standard, the standard would not provide consensus.
Statement 3
The correct answer is Useful.
Conceptual coherence in the drafting of standards and other documents is indeed a goal of your terminological standard.
Statement 4
The correct answer is Useful.
The terms selected by the committee, as well as the definitions written by the committee, will indeed be the contents of your standard.
Statement 5
The correct answer is Not useful.
Your standard would deal with the terminology of fire safety, not with technical specifications concerning the materials and methods of fire safety.
5.4.4 Who Develops a Terminology Standard?
Exercise 1
"Ensure that all members spoke French" is not an important principle to follow.
"Ensure agreements are the product of consensus" is an important principle to follow.
"Ensure equal participation of the members" is an important principle to follow.
"Ensure compliance with terminology technical standards" is an important principle to follow.
Exercise 2
"A terminologist" should be part of the selection for this team.
"A government official" should not be part of the selection for this team.
"A technical translator" should be part of the selection for this team.
"A bilingual hockey coach" should be part of the selection for this team.
5.4.5 How Standards are Developed
Exercise 1
Question 1
"build consensus" is not an activity of the preparatory phase.
"publish" is not an activity of the preparatory phase.
"accept" is not an activity of the preparatory phase.
"recognize need" is an activity of the preparatory phase.
"negotiate specifications" is not an activity of the preparatory phase.
"agree to technical scope" is an activity of the preparatory phase.
Question 2
"build consensus" is an activity of the development phase.
"publish" is not an activity of the development phase.
"accept" is not an activity of the development phase.
"recognize need" is not an activity of the development phase.
"negotiate specifications" is an activity of the development phase.
"agree to technical scope" is not an activity of the development phase.
Question 3
"build consensus" is not an activity of the approval phase.
"publish" is an activity of the approval phase.
"accept" is an activity of the approval phase.
"recognize need" is not an activity of the approval phase.
"negotiate specifications" is not an activity of the approval phase.
"agree to technical scope" is not an activity of the approval phase.
Exercise 2
The correct answer is True.
It is best to establish the terminology while the technical standard is being drafted, since it can be very difficult, after the technical standard has been finalized, to convince its writers to change the terminology they used. Working closely with the writers of the technical standard also lets the terminological standardization committee become familiar with the concepts to be dealt with.
5.4.6 Where and When Standardization is Carried Out
Statement 1
The correct answer is Agree.
Achieving consensus and agreement is much easier when all parties are present to discuss, debate, persuade and compromise.
Statement 2
The correct answer is Disagree.
Standardization files must be completed and distributed before meetings, so that participants can arrive fully prepared and meeting time is as productive as possible.
Statement 3
The correct answer is Agree.
Resolution of problems of this nature is much easier when all parties are present to discuss, debate, persuade and compromise.
5.5.6 Exercises
Answers to exercise 1
Scenario 1
The correct answer is A term list.
A term list inserted at the beginning of the standard would be adequate. Eventually the organization to which the standardization committee belongs may require that all terminology entries also be stored in a database, but the question didn’t hint at that. Separate vocabulary standards are appropriate when more than one standard uses the same terminology in the same way.
Scenario 2
"A term list" is not a terminology product to recommend.
"A vocabulary or glossary" is a terminology product to recommend.
"A database" is a terminology product to recommend.
Because a series of standards is involved, use of a database would be an excellent approach. Since a series of standards sharing the same concepts is involved, the production of a separate vocabulary that reflects all of the terminology would be more efficient than the integration of a term list into each standard.
Scenario 3
The correct answer is A database.
Given the large number of entries and the need to keep the standardized terminology of all the association members up to date, a database would be the most appropriate product.
Answers to exercise 2
The correct answer is True.
5.6.4 Answers to Exercises
Exercise 1
The correct answer is user who used the standard.
The publication or adoption of a standard are separate from the implementation, which is the responsibility of the manufacturer, organization or institution that actually follows the standard in its business activities.
Exercise 2
"Inspections" is an activity which ensures conformity assessment.
"First party assessments" is an activity which ensures conformity assessment.
"Certification" is an activity which ensures conformity assessment.
"Declarations" is an activity which ensures conformity assessment.
"Marketing" is not an activity which ensures conformity assessment.
Standard users can ensure their conformity to a standard through first, second or third party assessments, testing, inspection, audits, declarations, certification, registration and accreditation. Marketing is not related to conformity assessment.
Exercise 3
The correct answer is in both paper and electronic format.
Standards are now published in both paper and electronic format, and standardizing bodies have begun disseminating draft or interim versions.
5.7.4 Answers to Exercises
Exercise 1
Entry 1
The correct answer is valid.
Entry 2
The correct answer is confirmed.
Entry 3
The correct answer is outdated.
Entry 4
The correct answer is updated.
Entry 5
The correct answer is obsolete.
Entry 6
The correct answer is withdrawn.
Exercise 2
The correct answer is False.
Localization can lead to different equivalents.
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